观察者模式用在当一个对象的状态变更需要通知其他很多对象的时候,比如rss订阅或者在社交网站上订阅某个频道的更新。事件驱动系统也是一种发布订阅模式,事件作为发布者,监听器作为订阅者,只不过这里多个事件监听器可以监听同一个事件。 我们这里实现一个“Data Formatter”来解释发布订阅模式,一种数据可以有多个格式化Formatter,当数据更新的时候,会通知所有的Formatter格式化新的数据。使用继承来实现。
class Publisher:
def __init__(self):
self.observers = []
def add(self, observer):
if observer not in self.observers:
self.observers.append(observer)
else:
print('Failed to add : {}').format(observer)
def remove(self, observer):
try:
self.observers.remove(observer)
except ValueError:
print('Failed to remove : {}').format(observer)
def notify(self):
[o.notify_by(self) for o in self.observers]
class DefaultFormatter(Publisher):
def __init__(self, name):
super().__init__()
self.name = name
self._data = 0
def __str__(self):
return "{}: '{}' has data = {}".format(
type(self).__name__, self.name, self._data)
@property
def data(self):
return self._data
@data.setter
def data(self, new_value):
try:
self._data = int(new_value)
except ValueError as e:
print('Error: {}'.format(e))
else:
self.notify() # data 在被合法赋值以后会执行notify
class HexFormatter:
""" 订阅者 """
def notify_by(self, publisher):
print("{}: '{}' has now hex data = {}".format(
type(self).__name__, publisher.name, hex(publisher.data)))
class BinaryFormatter:
""" 订阅者 """
def notify_by(self, publisher):
print("{}: '{}' has now bin data = {}".format(
type(self).__name__, publisher.name, bin(publisher.data)))
if __name__ == "__main__":
df = DefaultFormatter('test1')
print(df)
print()
hf = HexFormatter()
df.add(hf)
df.data = 3
print(df)
print()
bf = BinaryFormatter()
df.add(bf)
df.data = 21
print(df)