原型模式(The Prototype Pattern)用于创建对象的完全副本,有点类似与现实生活中的有丝分裂,在 Python 中可以使用内置的copy
模块实现。
拷贝分为深拷贝
和浅拷贝
:
- 深拷贝会递归复制并创建新的对象
- 浅拷贝会利用引用指向同一个对象
深拷贝的优点是对象之间互不影响,但是会耗费资源,创建比较耗时;如果不会修改对象可以使用浅拷贝,更加节省资源和创建时间。
import copy
from collections import OrderedDict
class Book:
def __init__(self, name, authors, price, **rest):
self.name = name
self.authors = authors
self.price = price
self.__dict__.update(rest)
def __str__(self):
mylist = []
ordered = OrderedDict(sorted(self.__dict__.items()))
for i in ordered.keys():
mylist.append('{}: {}'.format(i, ordered[i]))
if i == 'price':
mylist.append('$')
mylist.append('\n')
return ''.join(mylist)
class Prototype:
def __init__(self):
self.objects = dict()
def register(self, identifier, obj):
self.objects[identifier] = obj
def unregister(self, identifier):
del self.objects[identifier]
def clone(self, identifier, **attr):
""" 实现对象拷贝 """
found = self.objects.get(identifier)
if not found:
raise ValueError(
'Incorrect object identifier: {}'.format(identifier))
obj = copy.deepcopy(found)
obj.__dict__.update(attr) # 实现拷贝时自定义更新
return obj
def main():
b1 = Book('The C Programming Language',
('Brian W. Kernighan', 'Dennis M.Ritchie'),
price=118, publisher='Prentice Hall', length=228,
publication_date='1978-02-22',
tags=('C', 'programming', 'algorithms', 'data structures'))
prototype = Prototype()
cid = 'k&r-first'
prototype.register(cid, b1)
b2 = prototype.clone(cid, name='The C Programming Language(ANSI)',
price=48.99,
length=274, publication_date='1988-04-01', edition=2)
for i in (b1, b2):
print(i)
print("ID b1 : {} != ID b2 : {}".format(id(b1), id(b2)))
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()